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Word 2016 Review Mac In MindFinally, in the fifth section we build models to test whether the minority tract flag based on the minority concentration in the tract explains appraisal gaps beyond structural and neighborhood characteristics. Our research shows that differences in comparable sale (or comp 6) distances, comp reconciliation, 7 variances in sale prices of comps, and possible systematic overpayment for properties by minorities cannot explain the appraisal gaps for minority tracts observed in our data. In the fourth section, we explore several possible explanations for the observed appraisal gaps in minority neighborhoods. Our analysis shows gaps for a large fraction of appraisers who provide valuations in both minority and White tracts. In the third section, we test whether the observed gaps are driven by only a few appraisers. 8 With these assumptions, we compare the appraisal value to the contract price, which we take as the benchmark in purchase transactions. Our research is based on two assumptions: (1) markets for home sales are functioning well, regardless of the share of minority people living in a neighborhood and (2) the contract price is a reasonable benchmark in purchase transactions. The focus of our research is to study whether the appraisal outcome is different for minority groups versus the White group. IntroductionAn appraisal is meant to opine on the market value of a home, so that lenders have adequate collateral for the loan. If the minority group has a higher percent than the White group, that gap is highlighted in orange, indicating an unfavorable outcome for that minority group. if the Black (or Latino) share is ≥ 80%.If the overall minority share 9 in a tract is below 50%, the tract is flagged as White.Exhibit 1, based on data for more than 12 million appraisals for purchase transactions submitted to Freddie Mac from January 1, 2015, to Decemthrough the Uniform Collateral Data Portal (UCDP), 10 shows that properties in Black and Latino tracts receive appraisal values lower than the contract price more often than those in White tracts. if the Black (or Latino) share is ≥ 50% and < 80% In addition, to see how the gaps change as the share of minority people increases, we further classify Black (or Latino) tracts as follows: Specifically, if the share of Black (or Latino) people in a tract is 50% or more, this tract is categorized as Black (or Latino). We use 50% as the threshold to define minority tracts. Is there an appraisal gap for minority applicants?Black and Latino applicants receive lower appraisal values than the contract price more often than White applicants.In this section, we use the minority status designated by applicants on their mortgage applications to examine the difference between Black and Latino applicants and White applicants. The patterns we see based on the aggregate national data in Exhibit 1 mostly persist thus, the appraisal gaps seem pervasive. In addition, we analyze the top 30 Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs). Exterior-only inspection or desktop—no on-site inspection) by occupancy type (owner, tenant, vacant) by property condition, by housing trend indicated in the appraisal report (stable, increasing, declining) and by urbanization level (urban, suburban, rural). For example, the gap for properties in Latino tracts increases from 7.7% in the bucket to 9.4% in the bucket.To check whether the appraisal gap patterns in Exhibit 1 are consistent and robust, we perform numerous robustness checks from different perspectives, including by appraisal type (appraisal with interior inspection vs. We hope to address this data limitation in future research.Exhibit 2 is based on a dataset we generate by merging the 12+ million appraisals from UCDP used in the first section with loan application data submitted to Freddie Mac. For example, if a Black homeowner's property is valued less than the benchmark and later sold to a White borrower, this transaction will be categorized as "White" instead of "Black" in our dataset. This data limitation can potentially result in an underestimation of the appraisal gap. Free download nero 8 full version dengan serial keyExhibit 3 shows the distribution of the 934 appraisers’ gaps. In addition, we perform one-sided t-tests to examine which gaps are statistically larger than zero.Based on our dataset, 21,058 appraisers submitted appraisal reports in both Black and White tracts out of this group, 934 appraisers have statistical power and qualify as the Black versus White sample for t-test. 11To know whether a small fraction of appraisers is generating the observed gaps, we calculate the gaps for each individual appraiser who submitted appraisals for properties in both minority tracts and White tracts. Are the appraisal gaps for minority tracts driven by only a small fraction of appraisers?An analysis of the group of appraisers with enough observations in both minority tracts and White tracts to yield valid t-statistics reveals that a large portion of appraisers are generating statistically significant gaps. For example, 9.5% of the Latino applicants receive “appraisal value lower than contract price”, compared to 6.5% of White applicants, resulting in a gap of 2.9%.3. Exhibit 2 shows that Black and Latino applicants receive “appraisal value lower than contract price” more often than White applicants.
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